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Views of the Chinese Traditional Medical Community toward Zhuyou Treatment

Fu-shih Lin /

From the zhoujin (咒禁) division of study of the Sui and Tang dynasties to the shujin (書禁) of the Song dynasty and the zhuyou (祝由) of the Yuan and Ming dynasties, such religiously infused incantation cures were passed on through the official medical field for about a thousand years. However, zhuyou was abolished during the Ming dynasty in 1571, and never again resurfaced in established medicine. The reasons for this necessitate exploration. Regarding the matter of zhuyou’s abolition, the overwhelming majority of Chinese medical history scholars either avoid speaking of it, or conclude their study at the Qing dynasty, or are vague on the subject. But there are also some who believe the underlying cause of zhuyou’s abolition was “a long-term clash with orthodox medicine.” However, the evidence offered to support this argument is too little or based on speculation. Therefore, this article uses traditional documents, drawing on various treatises from successive eras to deduce an account of the attitudes and assessments of the “medical community” toward zhuyou treatment. Based on this investigation, it can be determined whether its opinions truly had an impact on the abolition of zhuyou. This articles argues, on the basis of the authoritative Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor as well as the opinions and advocacy of a number of distinguished physicians, that during the thousand-year span between zhuyou’s admittance into the official medical orthodoxy until its abolition, both physicians within the medical community and outside scholars continuously expressed praise and affirmation for it, writing treatises on its healing effects and treatment mechanism. Furthermore, through inclusion in textbooks and medical education, the government also continuously trained zhuyou medical practitioners to meet patient demand. Despite its being abolished, over three hundred years later there were still physicians and scholars who expressed certainty and support for zhuyou. In addition to those supporters, after the abolition there was a minority harshly criticizing and rejecting zhuyou, while the remainder stayed ambiguous. These criticisms emerged mostly in the late Ming to Qing dynasties, and were primarily the opinions of scholars. In short, the mainstream opinion of Chinese traditional medical communities toward zhuyou was basically affirmation and support. Therefore, abolition of zhuyou cannot be attributed to “a long-term clash with orthodox medicine.”

關鍵詞: zhuyou, incantation, medicine, healer, scholar