2020 31卷3期
Qianlong Emperor’s Han Chinese Imperial Concubines
Li-chun Huang /According to the Qing court system, imperial empresses and concubines were to follow the Manchu-Mongol marital tradition or the Eight-Banner xiunü (秀女) selection system to enter the court. Hence, the candidates had to be Manchu or Mongol women, while Han Chinese women were entirely excluded. However, newly published archives show that at least seven of the Qianlong Emperor’s concubines were of Han Chinese descent, including Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui, Imperial Noble Consort Qing, Noble Consort Wan, Consort Fang, Imperial Concubine Yi, Yi’s younger sister, and Noble Lady Lu. They entered the court at different times and most likely by following the route of local officials’ recommendations, rather than selected by Qianlong himself during his southern tours to the Jiangnan region. When the Han Chinese women entered the court, their families were upgraded to the upper three booi banners, showing both the hierarchy and the fluidity of Qing society. The Qianlong Emperor dispatched a number of Jiangnan-based booi bondservant officials to supervise the concubines’ relatives and to prevent any disclosure of the Manchu-Han marriages. Managing these relatives was a difficult task, since any mistakes could lead to the loss of these officials’ positions. Most of the Han Chinese imperial concubines remain unknown to the historical record and never gave birth to children, but Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui and Imperial Noble Consort Qing were favored by Qianlong, and they gave birth to or nurtured children for the royal family. Their ethnic backgrounds did not tarnish the prestige of the two concubines, but still affected their children’s marriages and official careers, which were intertwined with the Imperial Household Department. The Qing court had always been strictly managed, making it difficult for outsiders to collect inside stories. This article investigates the stories about Han Chinese imperial concubines and their relatives, which can help to understand a key aspect of the Qing dynasty court management and to reconsider the Qianlong Emperor’s attitude towards the Manchu-Han marriage.